大学英语四级考试2018年12月真题第三套

大学英语四级考试2018年12月真题（第三套）PartIWriting30minutesDirections:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthechallengesofstartingacareeraftergraduation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________PartIIListeningComprehension25minutes特别说明由于多题多卷，官方第三套真题的听力试题与第二套真题的一致，只是选项顺序不同，因此，本套试卷不再提供听力部分PartIIIReadingComprehension40minutesSectionADirections:Inthissectionthereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.AfewmonthsagoIwasdownwithaterriblecoldwhichendedinapersistentbadcough.Nomatterhowmanydifferent26ItriedIstillcouldn’tgetridofthecough.Notonlydidit27myteachingbutalsomylifeasawhole.Thenonedayafterclassastudentcameuptomeand28traditionalChinesemedicine.FromherdescriptionChinesemedicinesoundedasifithadmagicpowerthatworkedwonders.Iwas29becauseIknewsolittleaboutitandhavenevertrieditbefore.Eventuallymycoughgotsomuch30thatIcouldn’tsleepatnightsoIdecidedtogiveitatry.TheChinesedoctortookmypulseandaskedtoseemytonguebothofwhichwerenew31tomebecausetheyarebothnon-existentinWesternmedicine.Thenthedoctorgavemeascraping刮treatmentknownas‘GuaSha’.Iwasalittle32atfirstbecauseheusedasmoothedgedtooltoscrapetheskinonmyneckandshoulders.Afewminuteslaterthe33strokesstartedtoproducearelievingeffectandmybodyandmindbeganto34deeperintorelaxation.Ididn’tfeelanyimprovementinmyconditioninthefirstcoupleofdaysbutafterafewmoreregularvisitstothedoctormycoughstartedto

35.Thenwithinamatterofweeksitwascompletelygone!AdeepenIremediesBexperiencesJscaredChesitantKsensitiveDinconvenienceLsinkElessenMtemporaryFlicensesNtrembleGpressuredOworseHrecommendedSectionBDirections:Inthissectionyouaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet

2.IsitreallyOKtoeatfoodthat’sfallenonthefloorAWhenyoudropapieceoffoodonthefloorisitreallyOKtoeatifyoupickitupwithinfivesecondsAnurbanfoodmythcontendsthatiffoodspendsjustafewsecondsonthefloordirtandgermswon’thavemuchofachancetocontaminateit.Researchinmylabhasfocusedonhowfoodbecomescontaminatedandwe’vedonesomeworkonthisparticularpieceofwisdom.BWhilethe‘five-secondrule’mightnotseemlikethemostpressingissueforfoodscientiststogettothebottomofit’sstillworthinvestigatingfoodmythslikethisonebecausetheyshapeourbeliefsaboutwhenfoodissafetoeat.CSoisfivesecondsonthefloorthecriticalthreshold门槛thatseparatesapieceofeatablefoodfromacaseoffoodpoisoningIt’sabitmorecomplicatedthanthat.Itdependsonjusthowmanybacteriacanmakeitfromfloortofoodinafewsecondsandjusthowdirtytheflooris.DWonderingiffoodisstillOKtoeatafterit’sdroppedonthefloorisaprettycommonexperience.Andit’sprobablynotanewoneeither.Awell-knownbutinaccuratestoryaboutJuliaChildmayhavecontributedtothisfoodmyth.SomeviewersofhercookingshowTheFrenchChefinsisttheysawChilddroplambonthefloorandpickitupwiththeadvicethatiftheywerealoneinthekitchentheirguestswouldneverknow.EInfactitwasapotatopancakeanditfellonthestovetopnotonthefloor.Childputitbackinthepansaying“Butyoucanalwayspickitupandifyou’realoneinthekitchenwho’sgoingtoseeit”Butthemisrememberedstorypersists.It’shardertopindowntheoriginsoftheoft-quotedfive-secondrulebuta2003studyreportedthat70%ofwomenand56%ofmensurveyedwerefamiliarwiththefive-secondruleandthatwomenweremorelikelythanmentoeatfoodthathaddroppedonthefloor.FSowhatdoessciencetellusaboutwhatafewmomentsonthefloormeansforthesafetyofyourfoodTheearliestresearchreportonthefive-secondruleisattributedtoJillianClarkeahighschoolstudentparticipatinginaresearchprojectattheUniversityofIllinois.Clarkeandhercolleaguesintroducedbacteriatofloortiles瓷砖andthenplacedcookiesonthetilesforvaryingtimes.Theyreportedbacteriaweretransferredfromthetilestothecookieswithinfivesecondsbutdidn’treportthespecificamountofbacteriathatmadeitfromthetilestothefood.GButhowmanybacteriaactuallytransferinfivesecondsIn2007mylabatClemsonUniversitypublishedastudyintheJournalofAppliedMicrobiology.Wewantedtoknowifthelengthoftimefoodisincontactwithacontaminatedsurfaceaffectedtherateoftransferofbacteriatothefood.Tofindoutweintroducedbacteriatosquaresoftilecarpetorwood.Fiveminutesafterthatweplacedeitherbaconorbreadonthesurfacefor530or60secondsandthenmeasuredthenumberofbacteriatransferredtothefood.Werepeatedthisexactprocedureafterthebacteriahadbeenonthesurfacefor248and24hours.HWefoundthatthenumberofbacteriatransferredtoeitherkindoffooddidn’tdependmuchonhowlongthefoodwasincontactwiththecontaminatedsurface—whetherforafewsecondsorforawholeminute.Theoverallnumberofbacteriaonthesurfacematteredmoreandthisdecreasedovertimeaftertheinitialintroduction.Itlookslikewhat’satissueislesshowlongyourfoodstaysonthefloorandmuchmorehowcontaminatedwithbacteriathatpatchoffloorhappenstobe.IWealsofoundthatthekindofsurfacemadeadifferenceaswell.Carpetsforinstanceseemtobeslightlybetterplacestodropyourfoodthanwoodortile.Whenacarpetwascontaminatedlessthan1%ofthebacteriaweretransferred.Butwhenthefoodwasincontactwithtileorwood48-70%ofbacteriawere.JLastyearastudyfromAstonUniversityintheUKusednearlyidenticalparameters参数toourstudyandfoundsimilarresults.Theyalsoreportedthat87%ofpeopleaskedeitherwouldeatorhadeatenfoodfallenonthefloor.KShouldyoueatfoodfallenonthefloorthenFromafoodsafetystandpointifyouhavemillionsormorebacteriaonasurface

0.1%isstillenoughtomakeyousick.Alsocertaintypesofbacteriaareextremelyharmfulandittakesonlyasmallnumbertomakeyousick.Forexample10bacteriaorlessofanespeciallydeadlystrainofbacteriacancausesevereillnessanddeathinpeoplewithcompromisedimmunesystems.Butthechanceofthesebacteriabeingonmostsurfacesisverylow.LAndit’snotjustdroppingfoodonthefloorthatcanleadtobacterialcontamination.Bacteriaarecarriedbyvarious‘media’whichcanincluderawfoodmoistsurfaceswherebacteriahavebeenleftourhandsorskinandfromcoughingorsneezing打喷嚏.Handsfoodsandutensils器皿cancarryindividualbacterialivingincommunitiescontainedwithinaprotectivefilm.Thesemicroscopiclayersofdepositscontainingbacteriaareknownasbiofilmsandtheyarefoundonmostsurfacesandobjects.Biofilmcommunitiescanharborbacterialongerandareverydifficulttoclean.Bacteriainthesecommunitiesalsohaveanenhancedresistancetosanitizers清洁剂andantibioticscomparedtobacterialivingontheirown.MSothenexttimeyouconsidereatingfallenfoodtheoddsareinyourfavorthatyoucaneatitwithoutgettingsick.Butintherarechancethatthereisamicro-organismthatcanmakeyousickontheexactspotwherethefooddroppedyoucanbefairlysurethatthebugisonthefoodyouareabouttoputinyourmouth.NResearchorcommonsensetellsusthatthebestthingtodoiskeepyourhandsutensilsandothersurfacesclean.

36.Aresearchprojectfoundbacteriamadetheirwaytothefoodonthefloorinfiveseconds.

37.Whetherfoodiscontaminateddependsmuchonthenumberofbacteriathatgetontoit.

38.Foodcontaminationmayresultfromvariousfactorsotherthanfooddroppingonthefloor.

39.Malesarelesslikelythanfemalestoeatfoodthatmayhavebeencontaminated.

40.Theauthor’sresearchcentersaroundhowfoodgetscontaminated.

41.Keepingeverythingcleanisthebestwaytostayhealthy.

42.Chancesareyouwillnotfallsickbecauseofeatingfoodpickedupfromthefloor.

43.Foralongtimepeoplehavehadtheexperienceofdecidingwhetherornottoeatfoodpickedupfromthefloor.

44.Somestrainsofbacteriaaresoharmfulthatatinyfewcanhavedeadlyconsequences.

45.Researchersfoundhowmanybacteriagotontothefooddidnothavemuchtodowithhowlongthefoodstayedonacontaminatedfloor.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedABCandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thelatestincatresearchrevealsthatthelovelyanimalseemstohaveabasicgrasponboththelawsofphysicsandtheinsandoutsofcauseandeffect.Accordingtoanewlypublishedstudycatsseemtobeabletopredictthelocationofhidingprey猎物usingboththeirearsandaninborn天生的understandingofhowthephysicalworldworks.InarecentexperimentJapaneseresearcherstaped30domesticcatsreactingtoacontainerthatateammembershook.Somecontainersrattled发出响声;othersdidnot.Whenthecontainerwastippedoversometimesanobjectfelloutandsometimesitdidn’t.Itturnsoutthatthecatswereremarkablysmartaboutwhatwouldhappenwhenacontainerwastippedover.Whenanobjectdidnotdropoutofthebottomofarattlingcontainertheylookedatitforalongertimethantheydidwhenthecontainerbehavedasexpected.“Catsuseacausal-logicalunderstandingofnoiseorsoundstopredicttheappearanceofinvisibleobjects”leadresearcherSahoTakagisaysinapressrelease.Theresearchersconcludethatcats’huntingstylemayhavedevelopedbasedontheircommon-senseabilitiestoinferwherepreyisusingtheirhearing.Scientistshaveexploredthisideawithotherendearingcreatures:babies.Likecatsbabiesappeartoengageinwhat’scalled“preferentiallooking”—lookinglongeratthingsthatareinterestingorunusualthanthingstheyperceiveasnormal.Whenbabies’expectationsareviolatedinexperimentsliketheonesperformedwiththecatstheyreactmuchliketheiranimalfriends.Psychologistshaveshownthatbabiesapparentlyexpecttheirworldtocomplywiththelawsofphysicsandcauseandeffectasearlyastwomonthsofage.DoesthestudymeanthatcatswillsoongrasptheinsandoutsofcauseandeffectMaybe.OkaysocatsmaynotbethenextphysicsfacultymembersatAmerica’smostimportantresearchuniversities.Butbydemonstratingtheircommonsensethey’veshownthatthedividebetweencatsandhumansmaynotbethatgreatafterall.

46.WhatdowelearnfromanewlypublishedstudyaboutcatsATheycanbetrainedtounderstandthephysicalworld.BTheyknowwhatkindofpreymightbeeasiertohunt.CTheyhaveanaturalabilitytolocateanimalstheyhunt.DTheyarecapableoftellingwhichwaytheirpreyflees.

47.Whatmayaccountforthecats’responsetothenoisefromthecontainersATheirinbornsensitivitytonoise.CTheirspecialabilitytoperceive.BTheirunusualsenseofdirection.DTheirmasteryofcauseandeffect.

48.WhatischaracteristicofthewaycatshuntaccordingtotheJapaneseresearchersATheydependontheirinstincts.CTheywaitsometimebeforeattack.BTheyrelymainlyontheirhearing.DTheyuseboththeirearsandeyes.

49.InwhatwaydobabiesbehavelikecatsATheyfocusonwhatappearsodd.CTheydowhattheyprefertodo.BTheyviewtheworldasnormal.DTheyarecuriousabouteverything.

50.WhatcanweconcludeaboutcatsfromthepassageATheyhavehigherintelligencethanmanyotheranimals.BTheyinteractwiththephysicalworldmuchlikehumans.CTheydisplayextraordinarilyhighintelligenceinhunting.DTheycanaidphysicsprofessorsintheirresearchwork.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Imagineyouenteracarwithnosteeringwheelnobrakeoracceleratorpedals踏板.Underavoice-activatedcommandyousayanaddress.“Thefastestroutewilltakeus

15.3minutes.ShouldItakeit”Yousay“yes”andyouareonyourway.Thecarrespondsandstartsmovingallbyitself.Allyouhavetodoissitbackandrelax.HowweirdwoulditbeifonedayinthefutureeveryonehadsuchacarNocrazydrivingnoinsultsnocuttingin;trafficlawswouldberespectedanddrivingmuchsafer.Ontheotherhandimaginethecostsavingsforlocalpoliceenforcementandtownbudgetswithoutallthosespeedingandparkingtickets.Anewtechnologyhasthepotentialtochangemodernsocietyinradicalways.There’snoquestionthatself-drivingvehiclescouldbeanenormousbenefit.Thepotentialforsafercarsmeansaccidentstatisticswoulddrop:some94%ofroadaccidentsintheU.S.involvehumanerror.Olderdriversandvisually-orphysically-impairedpeoplewouldgainanewleveloffreedom.Maintainingsafespeedsandbeingelectricself-drivingcarswoulddrasticallyreducepollutionlevelsanddependencyonnon-renewablefuels.Roadswouldbequieterpeoplesafer.Butwemustalsoconsidertheimpactofthenewtechnologyonthosewhonowdependondrivingfortheirlivelihoods.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofLaborinMay2015therewere505560registeredschoolbusdrivers.TheAmericanTruckingAssociationlistsapproximately

3.5millionprofessionaltruckdriversintheU.S.Thecompaniesdevelopingself-drivingvehiclesshouldbepartneringwithstateandfederalauthoritiestoofferretrainingforthismassiveworkforcemanyofwhomwillbedisplacedbythenewtechnology.Thisissimilartowhat’shappeninginthecoalandoilindustriesasituationthatfuelsmuchofthecurrentpoliticaldiscontentinthiscountry.Newtechnologieswillandshouldbedeveloped.Thisishowsocietymovesforward.Howeverprogresscan’tbeone-sided.Itisnecessaryforthecompaniesandstateagenciesinvolvedtoconsidertheethicalconsequencesofthesepotentialchangestobuildabetterfutureforall.

51.WhatwouldbetheimpactoftheextensiveuseofdriverlesscarsAPeoplewouldbedrivinginamorecivilizedway.CMorepolicemenwouldbepatrollingthestreets.BItwouldsavelocalgovernmentsalotofmoney.DTrafficregulationswouldbeathingofthepast.

52.HowwouldtheelderlyandthedisabledbenefitfromdriverlesscarsATheycouldenjoygreatermobility.CTheywouldhavenotroubledriving.BTheywouldsuffernoroadaccidents.DTheycouldgoanywheretheywant.

53.WhatwouldbethenegativeimpactofdriverlesscarsATheconflictbetweenlaborandmanagementwouldintensify.BThegapbetweenvarioussectorsofsocietywouldbewidened.CProfessionaldriverswouldhaveahardtimeadaptingtonewroadconditions.DNumerousprofessionaldriverswouldhavetofindnewwaysofearningaliving.

54.WhatistheresultoftheintroductionofnewtechnologiesinenergyindustriesAPoliticaldissatisfaction.CFossilfuelconservation.BRetrainingofemployees.DBusinessrestructuring.

55.WhatdoestheauthorsuggestbusinessesandthegovernmentdoAKeeppacewithtechnologicaldevelopments.BMakenewtechnologiesaffordabletoeveryone.CEnableeveryonetobenefitfromnewtechnologies.DPopularizetheuseofnewtechnologiesanddevices.PartIVTranslation30minutesDirections:Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet

2.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展随着移动互联网的出现，手机购物逐渐成为一种趋势18到30岁的年轻人构成了移动支付市场的最大群体由于现在用手机付款很容易，许多消费者在购物时宁愿用手机付款，而不愿用现金或信用卡为了鼓励人们多消费，许多商店给使用移动支付的顾客打折专家预测，中国移动支付市场未来仍有很大发展潜力。