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年博士学位研究生入学考试试题2023考试科目英语满分100分考试时间180分钟Part IVocabulary andStructure15points,
0.5point eachDirections:For eachof the following sentencesthere arefour choicesmarked A,B,C andD.Choose theoneanswer thatbest completesthe sentence.
1.The patienthas beenof thesafety of the operation.A.guaranteed B.assured C.entrusted D.confirmed
2.Some teenagersharbour a generalized resentmentagainst society,which themtherights andprivileges ofadults,although physicallythey aremature.A.deprives B.restricts C.rejects D.denies
3.When travelling,you areadvised totake travellers9checks,which providea securetocarrying yourmoney incash.A.substitute B.selection C.preference D.alternative
4.The managergave one of thesalesgirls anaccusing lookfor herattitude towardcustomers.A.impartial B.mild C.hostile D.opposing
5.Christmas is a Christianholy dayusually celebratedon December25th thebirth ofJesusChrist.A.in accordancewith B.in termsofB.in favorof D.in honorof
6.No oneimagined that the apparentlybusinessman wasreally a criminal.A.respective B.respectable C.respectful D.receptacle
7.In someparts of the worldthe indigenouspopulation has been completely.A.wiped upB.wiped outC.wiped awayD.wiped off
8.the inventionof thesteam engine,most formsof transportwere horse-drawn.A.Akin toB.Prior toB.peaceC.healthD.a betterenvironmentText DSupposeyou gointo afruiterers shop,wanting anapple—you takeup one,and,on bitingit,you findit issour;you lookat it,and seethat it is hard and green.You takeup anotherone,and thattoo is hard,green,andsour.The shopmanoffers youa third;but,before bitingit,you examineit,and find that it is hardand green,and youimmediately saythat you will not have it,as itmust besour,like thosethat you have alreadytried.Nothing can be moresimple thanthat,you think;but ifyou willtake thetrouble to analyse andtrace outinto its logicalelements whathas beendone by the mind,you willbe greatlysurprised.In the first placeyouhave performedthe operationof induction.You foundthat,in twoexperiences,hardness and greenness inappleswent togetherwith sourness.It wasso in the firstcase,and it was confirmedby thesecond.True,it is avery smallbasis,but stillitisenough to make aninduction from;you generalizethe facts,and youexpect tofindsourness inapples whereyou gethardness and greenness.You foundupon thatagenerallaw,that all hardand greenapples are sour;and that,as faras itgoes,is aperfect induction.Well,having gotyour naturallaw inthisway,when you are offeredanother applewhich youfind ishardandgreen,you say,“All hardand greenapples aresour;this apple ishardandgreen,therefore this appleis sour.That trainof reasoningis whatlogicianscall a syllogism,and has all itsvarious partsand terms——its majorpremiss,its minorpremiss,andits conclusion.And,by thehelp offurther reasoning,which,if drawnout,would have to beexhibited intwo orthreeother syllogisms,you arriveat yourfinal determination,I willnot havethat apple.So that,you see,youhave,in thefirst place,established alaw byinduction,and uponthat youhave foundeda deduction,andreasoned outthe specialparticular case.Well now,supposing,having gotyour conclusionof thelaw,that atsometime afterwards,you arediscussing thequalities of apples witha friend;youwillsay tohim,It is a veiycuriousthing,but I findthat allhardandgreenapplesaresour!”Your friendsays toyou,“But howdo youknowthat”You atonce reply,Oh,because I have triedthem overand overagain,and have always foundtobe so.”Well,if wewere talking about scienceinstead ofcommon sense,we shouldcall thatan experimentalvxriEcation.And,if stillopposed,you gofurther andsay,“Ihaveheard from the people in SomersetshireandDevonshire,where alarge number ofapplesare grown,that theyhave observedthe same thing.It is also foundto be thecase inNormandy,and inNorth America.In short,Ifindit to be theuniversal experienceof mankindwhereverattention hasbeen directedto thesubject.Whereupon,your friend,unless he isavery unreasonableman,agrees with you,and isconvinced thatyouarequite rightin theconclusion youhave drawn.He believes,although perhapshe doesnot knowhe believesit,that the more extensiveverifications have been made,andresults of the same kind arrivedat-that themore variedthe conditionsunder whichthe same results areattained,themorecertain is the ultimateconclusion,and hedisputes thequestion nofurther.He seesthat theexperimenthasbeentried underall sortsof conditions,as totime,place,and people,with the sameresult;andhe sayswithyou,therefore,that thelaw youhave laiddown must be agood one,and hemust believeit.
45.The underlinedword inparagraph2,“verification Jis mostlikely tomean.A.provingB.specificationC.adjustmentD.justification
46.The authorindicates thatstatements canbe believedif.A.they concernnatural eventsB.the statementsare verifiedby manypeopleC.they arewritten ina scholarlyor scientificjournalD.the premisesupon whichthey arebuilt isa majorone
47.All menare mortal;Socrates was a man;Socrates wasmortal.The foregoingrepresents reasoningthat is.A.verifiableB.inductiveC.syllogisticD.experimental
48.Apples are used.A.in order to convincethe readerthat fruithas nointellectB.as ananalogyC.for sarcasmD.to comparevarious typesof persons
49.According to the author.A.Normandy andNorth Americahave manysimilaritiesB.universal experiencesare commonoccurrencesC.asyllogismalways hasthree partsD.the mainpremises is more profoundthan theminor premises
50.The authorhas theapproach of.A.a scientistB.an artistC.a novelistD.a businessmanPartHI Cloze10points,
0.5point eachDirections:Decide whichof thechoices givenbelow wouldbest completethe passageif insertedin thecorrespondingblanks.It is often observedthat the aged spendmuch timethinking andtalkingabouttheir pastlives,51aboutthe future.These reminiscencesare notsimply randomor trivialmemories,52is theirpurpose merelytomake conversation.The oldpersons recollectionsof the pasthelp to53an identitythat isbecoming increasinglyfragile:54any rolethatbrings respector anygoal thatmight provide55to thefuture,the individualmentions theirpast as areminder tolisteners,that herewas alife56living.57,thememories formpart ofa continuinglife58,in whichthe oldperson59the eventsandexperiences of the yearsgone byand60on theoverall meaningof hisor herown almostcompleted life.As thelife cycle61toitsclose,theagedmust alsolearn toaccept thereality of their ownimpending death.62this taskis madedifficult bythe fact that death is almosta63subject in the UnitedStates.The merediscussion of deathisoftenregarded as
64.As adultsmany ofus findthe topicfrightening and are65tothink aboutit—and certainlynot totalk aboutit66the presenceof someonewho isdying.Death hasachievedthis taboo67only in the modernindustrial societies.There seemsto be an importantreason forourreluctance to68the ideaof death.It is the veryfactthatdeath remains69our control;itisalmost the only of
51.A.better thanB.rather thanC.less thanD.other than
52.A.so B.even C.nor D.hardly
53.A.preserve B.conserve C.resume D.assume
54.A.performing B.playing C.undertaking D.lacking
55.A.orientation B.implication C.succession D.presentation
56.A.worthy B.worth C.worthless D.worthwhile
57.A.In a word B.In briefC.In additionD.In particular
58.A.prospect B.impetus C.impression D.review
59.A.integrates B.incorporates C.includes D.interacts
60.A.reckons B.counts C.reflects D.conceives
61.A.keeps B.draws C.inclines D.tends
62.A.Therefore B.And C.Yet D.Otherwise
63.A.taboo
8.dispute C.contempt D.neglect
64.A.notorious
8.1ndecent C.obscure D.desperate
65.A.ready B.willing C.liable D.reluctant
66.A.at B.on C.with D.in
67.A.status B.circumstance C.environment D.priority
68.A.encounter B.confront C.tolerate D.expose
69.A.under B.above C.beyond D.within
70.A.which B.what C.as D.thatthe naturalprocesses70isso.Part IVTranslation20points,5points eachDirections:Translate thefollowing Chineseor Englishsentences toEnglish orChinese.端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣
71.他给国家带来了和平和繁荣但最后由于受到诽谤而投河自尽minister,vilify年月日在中国各地，据估计有万儿童和他们的老师观看了宇航员王亚平在距
72.202362060离地球公里的上空所讲授的科学课这堂课不仅让孩子们享受了一堂知识与乐趣兼具的物300理课，也显示了我国通信科技的进步
73.American peopleemphasize efficiency,competition andoriginality whileChinese peoplegive prioritytocareful planningand encourageclose cooperationand dedicationamong teammembers.In Americanschools,discussion isgiven toppriority whileChinese teacherslike tolecture inclass,andalot of them areobsessedwith examinations.
74.During thelast hundredyears,great changeshave takenplace inChina.The Chinesesociety,whichhad gonethrough thelong feudal period,and laterthe semi-colonial,semi-feudalperiod,had turnedinto asocialistsociety.This historicchange hasled tochanges in the Chinesefamily structure.Part VWriting15pointsNowadays peopleare becomingmore andmore materialisticand realistic,and oftenclaim materialwealthis thefoundation ofmarital happiness.Write acomposition ofabout150words on thefollowingtopic:Does MoneyBuy aHappy MarriageYouare towrite inthree parts.In thefirst part,state clearlywhat yourview is.In thesecond part,support yourview withappropriate reasons.In thelast part,bring whatyouhavewritten toa naturalconclusion or a summary.C.In additionto D.With referenceto
9.Because hisworkplace wasso busyand noisy,he longedmost ofall for.A.loneliness B.association C.solitude D.irrelevancy
10.Because Markneeded topass theexam,he madestudying aover watchinghisfavorite televisionshow.A.priority B.conformity C.perplexity D.concept
11.The recordof thepast isalways incomplete,and thehistorians whowrite aboutit reflectthepreoccupations of their owntime.A.bound toB.inevitably C.indispensably D.justifiably
12.Man isa animal,and muchmore soin hismind thanin hisbody:he maylike togoalone for a walk,but hehates tostand alonein his.A.conceited...vanity B.solitary...thoughtsC.gregarious...opinions D.special...uniqueness
13.He sayshe wouldwrite anEnglish coursebook ifhe couldfind antodeal with the lessinteresting parts.A.accomplice B.collaborator C.spouse D.kin
14.International travelersmay havedifficulties understandingthe adjustmentproblems that them.A.amaze B.beset C.humiliate D.resurrect
15.The distinctivequalities ofAfrican musicwere notappreciated oreven.A.deplored B.perceived C.revered D.ignored
16.The spokespersonknew he had madea errorwhen heprematurely announcedthatall of the victimshad survivedthe accident.A.glaring B.grievous C.dazed D.furtive
17.His forwanting tostay onas manageris tosee Englandas thetop teamin theworld.A.measurement B.motivation C.requirement D.presentation
18.Many ofthe villagersrely onfishing astheir sourceof income.A.primary B.radical C.external D.noticeable
19.She couldntimagine herselfin anyform ofwith heremployer,much assheliked him.A.prejudice B.Fantasy C.intimacy D.conflict
20.The fallin thenumberofdeaths fromheart diseaseis generallyto improvementsindiet.A.accounted B.referred C.credited D.attributed
21.Do youbelieve thathehadkilled a man withhis hands上A areB.naked C.hollow D.sheer
22.It meas strangethat theman didntintroduce himselfbefore hespoke.A.occurred B.dawned C.impressed D.struck
23.He definitelymeant to be rude——itwasquite.A.spontaneous B.deliberate C.conscious D.expressive
24.The lawyertold thejudge thathis didnothaveacriminalrecord.A.client B.customer C.employer D.administrator
25.Attitudes learnedat homeonto theplayground.A.carry outB.carry onC.carry forwardD.carry over
26.Im worriedabout washingthat shirtin caseit.A.shrinks B.confines C.diminishes D.outweighs
27.After youvesigned thecontract,it willbe impossibleto.上A.back outB.back upC.break offD reakdown
28.Korean newspapersonly havefour pages,so storieshavetobe verymuch.A.to thecore B.to theeffectC.to thepoint D.tobeexact
29.Shes boughtan exercisebike tokeep.A.in effectB.in shapeC.in sessionD.in health
30.The judgemost ofthe policeevidence,saying itwas clearlyfabricated.A.disposed B.declined C.dismissed D.discardedPart IIReading Comprehension40points,2points eachDirections:There arefour passagesfollowed byquestions orunfinished statements,each withfoursuggested answersmarked A,B,C andD.Choose theone thatyou thinkisthebest answer.Text AWhenwe usea wordin speechand writing,its mostobvious purposeis topoint tosome thingor relationorproperty.This isthe wordsmeaning.We seea smallfour-footed animalon theroad andcall ita“dog Jindicatingthat itisamember ofthe classof four-footed animalswe calldogs.The word“dog aswe have usedit therehas aplain,straight-forward,objective^meaning.We have in no way gone beyond the requirementsof exactscientific description.Let ussuppose alsothat onegrandparent ofthe dogwas acollie,another wasan Irishterrier,another afoxterrier,and thefourth abulldog.We canexpress thesefacts equallyscientifically andobjectively bysayingthat heisa dog of mixed breed.Still we haveinnowaygonebeyondtherequirementsof exactscientificdescription.Suppose,however,that wehad calledthat sameanimal amongrel.^The matterismorecomplicated.We」haveusedawordwhich objectivelymeans thesame as“dog of mixed breedbut whichalso arousesin ourhearersan emotionalattitude of disapproval towardthat particulardog.A word,therefore,can not onlyindicate anobject,but canalso suggestan emotionalattitude towardit.Such suggestionof an emotionalattitude doesgo beyondexact andscientific discussionbecause ourapprovals anddisapprovals areindividual-they belongto ourselvesand not totheobjects weapprove ordisapprove of.An animalwhich tothemind ofits masterisafoithful andnoble dogof mixedancestry may bea“mongrel”to hisneighbor whosechickensare chasedby it.Once we are onthe lookoutfor thisdifference betweenobjective and“emotional meanings,we shallnoticethat wordswhich carrymore orless strongsuggestions ofemotional attitudesare verycommon andareordinarily usedin thediscussionofsuch controversial questions asthose ofpolitics,morals,and religion.Thisis onereason whysuch controversiescannot yet be settled.There isa well-known saying thatthe word finrrcanbedeclined asfollows:T amfirm,thou areobstinate,heispigheaded.That isa simpleillustration ofwhat ismeant.Firm,“obstinate,“and“pigheaded“all havethesame objectivemeaning-that is,following onesown courseof actionand refusingtobeinfluenced byotherpeoples opinion.They have,however,different emotional meanings:“firm”has anemotional meaningofstrong approval,“obstinate ofmild disapproval,“pigheaded ofstrong disapproval.In muchthesameway when,during theWorld War,thoughts weredominated byemotions,the（［贬义］德国兵）,newspapers contrastedthe spiritof ourheroic boyswith ruthlessnessoftheHuns andtheheroism of our troopswith theenemys savagery.Now,withthemore objectiveattitude thathas beenbroughtbythelapse oftime,we canlook backand seethat spiritand ruthlessnessare objectivelythe samething,only theone wordhas anemotionalmeaningof approval,the otherofdisapproval.We cansee,too,thata soldiergoing forwardunder shellfireto probabledeathisdoing thesamethingwhether heisaGerman oroneof ourcountrymen,and thatto distinguishbetween themby applyingthe wordsavagery tothe actionof theoneand heroismto thatoftheother is to distortreality byusing wordsto makeanemotionaldistinctionbetween twoactions whichare objectivelyidentical.
31.The authorspoint inthefirstthree paragraphsis that.A.there isno realdifference betweencalling a dog amongrel orcalling itadogofmixedbreedB.“adogofmixedbreed“is anemotional termC.mongrel”is anobjective termD.words maysuggest emotionalattitudes aswell asobjective meanings
32.The authormaintains that.A.in discussingscientific subjects,emotional wordsare oftenused tomake meaningsclearerB.in discussingcontroversialquestions,objective termsare generallyused tohelp clarifymeanings C.indiscussing scientificsubjects,objective termsare generallyused,in orderto avoidcontroversy D.indiscussing controversialquestions,emotional termsareusedvery often
33.The authorbelieves thatpeople havedisagreements onmany subjectspartially because.A.people have not learnedhow toget alongwith eachother withoutconflict andargumentB.words usedin discussingthose subjectscarry emotionalovertones whichtend toantagonize peopleC.words withobjective meaningsmean differentthings todifferent persons,and mustbe usedcarefullyD.politics,morals,and religioncause controversiesthat cannotyetbesettled
34.Regarding war,the authorbelieves thatin WorldWar I,.A.our menshowed spiritand heroism,while the Germans displayedruthlessness andsavageryB.although ourmen actedheroically,there wereoccasions whenthey werealmost asruthless astheGermansC.there wasno differenceatallbetween theactions ofour soldiersand oftheGermanonesD.atthetime ofthe war,most peoplethought thatboth sideshad foughtequally bravely,but withthepassage oftime theybegan torealize howsavage theGermans hadreally beenTextBIf Johnnycant write,oneofthe reasonsmay bea conditioningbased onspeed rather than respect for thecreativeprocess.Speed isneither avalid testof nora properpreparation forcompetence inwriting.It makesformurkiness,glibness,disorganization.It takesthe beautyout ofthe language.It rulesout respectfor thereflectivethought thatshould precedeexpression.It runscounter totheword-by-word andline-by-linereworking that enables apiece tobe finelyknit.This is nottominimize thevalue ofgenuine facility.With yearsof practice,amanmay beable toput downwordsswiftly andexpertly.But itisthesamekindof swiftnessthatenablesa cellist,after havinginvestedyears ofefforts,to negotiatean intricatepassage fromHaydn.Speed writing is forstenographers andcourtreporters,not foranyone whowants touse languagewith precisionand distinction.Thomas Mannwas notashamed toadmit thathe wouldoften takea fullday towrite500words,andanother dayto editthem,out ofrespectfor the mostdifficult artintheworld.Flaubert wouldponder aparagraphfor hours.Did itsay whathe wantedit tosay-not approximatelybut exactlyDid thewords turnintoone anotherwith properrhythm andgrace Werethey artisticallyand securelyfitted togetherWere theybrisklyalive,or werethey fullof fuzzand raggededges Werethey likelytomakethings happeninside themindofthereader,igniting theimagination andtouching offall sortsof newanticipations Thesequestionsare relevantnotonlyfor theestablished novelistbut foranyone whoattaches valueto wordsasamedium ofexpressionand communication.E.B.White,whose respectfortheenvironment ofgood writingis exceededby noword-artist ofour time,would ratherhave hisfingers cutoff thantobeguilty ofhandling wordslightly.No sculptorchipping awayata graniteblock inordertoproduce adelicate curveor featurehas laboredmore painstakinglythan Whiteinfashioning ashort paragraph.Obviously,we cantexpect ourschools tomake everyJohnny intoa Whiteor aFlaubertoraMann,but itisnotunreasonable toexpect moreofthemto providethe conditionsthat promoteclear,careful,competent expression.Certainly thecumulative effortoftheschool experienceshould nothaveto beundone inlater years.
35.According tothe passage,competence inwritingis.A.an artthat takespracticeB.a skillthat requiresdexterityC.a techniquethat iseasy tolearnD.a resultofthespontaneous flowof words
36.The mainpurpose ofthe passageisto.A.present anoriginal ideaB.describe anew processC.argue againstan establishedpracticeD.comment ona skilland itstechniques
37.Our schools,according tothe passage,.A.are providingproper conditionsfor goodwritingB.should notstress writingspeed ona testC.should giveessay testsratherthanmultiple-choice testsD.teach goodwriting primarilythrough reading
38.In describingWhite asa“word-artist Jthe authormeans thatWhite.A.illustrated hisstoriesB.was colorfulin hisdescriptionsC.wasagreat writerD.had artisticbackground
39.It canbe inferredfromthepassage thatthe authorvalues goodliterature primarilyfor itsability to.A.relieve theboredom ofeveryday lifeB.communicate ideasand experiencesC.accurately describeevents as they occurD.provide individualswith skillsfor successTextCThe Americanuniversity isa directdescendant fromthe ancientuniversities inEurope.These aretheoldest institutions,aside fromthe churchitself,in Westerncivilization.They havesurvived manyperiods oftrouble,of revolution,and ofpersecution.But thetradition oflearning and of scholarlyinquiry haslived on.Yet thereare shortsightedpeople todaywho aresayingthatthe modernuniversity hasoutlived itsusefulness;that itmustbeoverthrown andreplaced bysomething elsewhose natureis unspecified.Remember,however,that there havebeenmany occasionsduring thelast700years whenpeople saidthatuniversities wereirrelevant orthat itwas wrongfor themto pursuelong-term goalsintheface ofimmediateand pressingproblems.Fortunately,therehavebeen stoutheartedsouls whoinsisted thatthe searchforknowledge wouldnever beoutdated bycurrent eventsand we can allbe eternallythankful thatthe forcesofignorance wereso oftendefeated.They mustbe defeatedagain.Knowledge andthe searchfor knowledgehave persistedthrough thecenturies tothe enormousbenefit ofhumanbeings.The worldmaybetroubled anddistressed todaybut thinkhow much better offthe peoplein thiscountryare nowthan theywere50years agoor100years agoand howmuchbetteroff theyare thanthemillions ofpeopleincountries whichhave notbenefited fromthe progressof knowledge.We inthe Westernworldhave encouragedscientific discoveryand itsapplication intensivelyfor200years toour vastmaterialbenefit.Today weare ata turningpoint.We cannow useour storesof wealthandof knowledge astools tosolvethe newproblems which now besetour modernsociety.What arethose ofus whohave chosencareers inscience andengineering ableto doabout meetingourcurrent problemsFirst,we canhelp destroythe falseimpression thatscience andengineering havecaused thecurrent worldtroubles.Quite thecontrary,science andengineering havemade vastcontributions tobetter livingfor morepeople.Second,we canidentify themany areasin whichscience and technology,more considerablyused,can beofgreater serviceinthefuture thaninthepast toimprove the quality oflife.While wecan makemanyspeeches,and passmany laws,thequalityofourenvironment willbe improvedonly throughbetter knowledgeandbetter applicationof thatknowledge.Third,wecanrecognize thatmuch ofthe dissatisfactionwhich wesuffer todayresults fromour verysuccessesof formeryears.We havebeen soeminently successful in attainingmaterial goalsthat weare deeplydissatisfiedthat wecannot attainother goalsmore rapidly.We haveachieved a better lifefor mostpeople butweare unhappy that wehavenotspread itto allpeople.We haveilluminated manysources ofenvironmentaldeterioration butweareunhappythatwehavenot conqueredall ofthem.It isour risingexpectations ratherthanour failureswhichnowcause ourdistress.Granted thatmany ofour currentproblems mustbe curedmore bysocial,political,and economicinstrumentsthan byscience andtechnology,yet science andtechnologymust stillbe thetools tomake furtheradvancesin suchthings asclean air,clean water,better transportation,better housing,better medicalcare,more adequatewelfare programs,purer foods,conservation ofresources,and manyother areas.The discoveryand useof knowledgehavealwaysbeen relevanttoahumane future.They areequallyrelevant today.
40.The authoris primarilyconcerned withthe.A.answers tocurrent problemsB.defense ofthe searchfor scientificknowledgeC.problems ofour nationsuniversitiesD.moral obligationsof technology
41.According tothe author,a beliefexists thatmuch ofour nationaldissatisfaction isdue tothe____________•A.emphasis of science onmaterial goalsB.irrelevancy ofmany ofour modernuniversitiesC.failures ofscientists to solve modemday problemsas quicklyastheysolved problemsofthepastD.improper useof pastdiscoveries inscienceandtechnology
42.It isthe feelingoftheauthor thatthe placeofsciencein solvingthe problemof pollutionwill beA.onthesame levelas socialand politicalinfluencesB.theonlything neededtosolvethe problemsuccessfullyC.the frontrunnerin developingnew methodsof approachingthe problemD.overshadowed byother areasofknowledge
43.It issuggested thatscience hasbeen mostsuccessfulin.A.developing materialbenefitsB.solving problemsof worldwideconcernC.preparing Americaforahumane futureD.controlling technologyasameans ofpreventing seriousproblems
44.It isstated thatscience contributedto allofthefollowing EXCEPTA.abetterlife。
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